DEKRA Services Inc. - Process Safety Terms and Conditions

The tests described on this page are the most common process safety tests quoted by DEKRA.

We have additional tests that we quote that do not show up on this list including UN/DOT tests and customized testing to meet client’s specific needs. Please reach out to us if you need a test that does not show up on this list.
In addition, we can customize testing to meet the client’s needs on a case-by-case basis unless regulations require a specific method (e.g. DOT testing for classification).

Dust Explosion Testing

Go / No-Go - Explosibility Screening Test

Go / No-Go - Explosibility Screening Test

The explosibility screening test determines whether a powder or dust will explode when exposed to an ignition source when in the form of a dust cloud. The test results in a material being classified as either GO – explosible or NO-GO -- non-explosible.

DEKRA Services, Inc., performs explosibility screening testing first using the Modified Hartmann Tube apparatus. The apparatus consists of a 1.2-liter vertical tube mounted onto a dust dispersion system. Initially, powder or dust samples of various sizes are dispersed in the tube and attempts are made to ignite the resultant dust cloud by 10 J constant arc ignition source. If the material fails to ignite in the Modified Hartmann Tube apparatus, GO / NO-GO testing is continued in the 20-litre sphere apparatus in general accordance with ASTM E1226. Powder or dust samples of various sizes are dispersed inside the sphere and are exposed to a 10 kJ, 5kJ, or 2.5kJ ignition source (chemical igniters).

Explosion Severity Test - 20L Sphere Apparatus

Minimum Ignition Energy Test - Dust Cloud

Minimum Ignition Temperature Test - Dust Cloud

Minimum Ignition Temperature Test - Dust Layer

Minimum Explosible Concentration Test - 20L Sphere

Limiting Oxygen Concentration Test - 20L Sphere apparatus

Particle Sieve Analysis

Laser Particle Analysis

Explosion Severity at Reduced/Increased Oxygen

Explosion Severity (Kg) - Hybrid Mixture

Explosion Severity Test – 1m3 Vessel

Minimum Ignition Energy at elevated temperatures

Minimum Ignition Energy at reduced oxygen conc.

Minimum Ignition Energy Test - Dust Layer

Limiting Oxygen Concentration Test - Vertical Tube

Dust Testing Bundles

Bundle #1: Key Dust Tests

Bundle #1

This bundle of tests includes the following individual tests:

Bundle #2: Primary Dust Tests

Bundle #3: Combustible Dust Haz Screening

Bundle #4: Core Dust Tests

Bundle #5: Basic Material Properties

Bundle #6: Ignition Sensitivity & Explosion

Bundle #7: Combustible Dust Characterization

Bundle #8: Haz Area Classification

Bundle #9: Explosion Prevention Test

Electrostatic Testing (Liquids)

Electrostatic Chargeability Test – Liquid

Electrostatic Chargeability Test – Liquid

The concept of chargeability refers to the propensity of a liquid to become charged when flowing through conveyances, filters or when handled in mixing vessels. Chargeability is measured by flowing samples through tubes -- and measuring the resultant electrostatic charge. The test provides data which can be used to develop appropriate materials handling guidelines.

Because of the effect of flow velocity on liquid chargeability, this test is performed at a number of flow velocities.

Due to the potential electrostatic ignition risks, this test is conducted under an inert atmosphere.

Liquid Conductivity Test

Electrostatic Testing (Powders)

Electrostatic Chargeability Test – Powder

Electrostatic Chargeability Test – Powder

The concept of chargeability refers to the propensity of a powder or dust to become charged when flowing through conveyances or when handled in containers. DEKRA Services, Inc. measures powder chargeability in general accordance with ASTM D4470 Standard requirements. Chargeability is measured by flowing samples through tubes of uniform length and made from different materials -- specifically stainless steel, plastic, and glass -- and measuring the resultant electrostatic charge. The test provides data which can be used to develop appropriate materials handling guidelines.

Because of the effect of atmospheric and absorbed moisture on powder chargeability, this test is performed at ambient and low relative humidity conditions. For low humidity testing, samples are conditioned for at least 12 hours.

Volume Resistivity and Charge Relaxation Time – Powder

Volume Resistivity - Powder

Electrostatic Testing (Films, Fabrics, Liners, Clothing, & Flooring Samples)

Electrostatic Accumulation and Discharge Testing

Electrostatic Accumulation and Discharge Testing

Insulating materials and conductive materials isolated from ground can become electrostatically charged. Accumulated charge can produce electrostatic discharges when exposed to ground. Electrostatic discharges from insulating materials are known as brush discharges, while discharges from isolated conductors are known as spark discharges.

The purpose of electrostatic discharge testing is to determine whether a material or object is capable of producing electrostatic discharges. Samples are electrostatically charged using a variety of methods and attempts to produce electrostatic discharges are made. Trials are performed under both ambient and low humidity conditions.

Measurement of Electrical Resistance - Shoes, Gloves, Clothing, & Flooring Sample

Propagating Brush Discharge Testing and Breakdown Voltage Measurement – Sheets, Films, Fabrics, Foils, and Coatings

Propagating Brush Discharge Testing and Breakdown Voltage Measurement – Sheets, Films, Fabrics, Foils, and Coatings

Propagating brush discharges are highly-energetic discharges capable of igniting many flammable atmospheres. These discharges derive their energy from the formation of a double layer charge on both sides of a surface. A double layer charge forms when the charge on one side of an insulating surface is sufficiently strong so as to induce an equal and opposite charge on the other side by atmospheric ionization. Propagating brush discharges occur when the double layer charge is exposed to grounded plant, equipment, or personnel.

Industrial equipment susceptible to propagating brush discharges include baghouse filters, flexible intermediate bulk containers, Teflon-lined piping, plastic liners, and steel vessels with synthetic coatings. DEKRA Services, Inc., performs propagating brush discharge testing by placing a sample material upon a grounded metal plate and charging it using a corona source. Attempts are made to produce propagating brush discharges by approaching the charged material with a grounded spherical electrode.

Only materials possessing a certain dielectric strength are capable of supporting the double layer charge needed to produce propagating brush discharges. One measure of dielectric strength is breakdown voltage. Breakdown voltage refers to the point at which the insulating property of a material breaks down upon application of high voltage. Breakdown voltage is a useful measure for evaluating the propensity for a material to produce propagating brush discharges.

DEKRA Services, Inc., determines breakdown voltage in accordance with DIN 53,481 (VDE 0303) and ASTM D3755 and is discussed in IEC 61340-4-4. The method involves placing a sample upon a grounded metal plate and then placing a cylindrical electrode connected to a high voltage power supply on top of the material. The voltage to the electrode is increased until the insulating property of the material breaks down and a large current passes through to the grounded metal plate.

Because atmospheric and absorbed moisture affects the propensity of a material to produce propagating brush discharges, these tests are performed at ambient and low relative humidity conditions. For low humidity testing, samples are conditioned for at least 12 hours.

Surface Resistivity and Charge Relaxation Time – Sheets, Films, Fabrics, Foils, and Coatings

Volume Resistivity and Charge Relaxation Time – Sheets, Films, Fabrics, Foils, and Coatings

Electrostatic Testing (FIBCs, Drums, Sacks)

Discharge Incendivity Testing – FIBC

Discharge Incendivity Testing – FIBC

DEKRA Services, Inc., performs discharge incendivity testing, in general accordance with IEC 61340-4-4, by suspending an FIBC in a test rig and filling and emptying the FIBC with test powder. The test is intended to simulate a FIBC that becomes charged during filling and represent a reasonable worst-case electrostatic charging scenario. Electrostatic voltage on the FIBC surfaces is measured using an electrostatic voltmeter (fieldmeter).

Discharge incendivity is measured by approaching the FIBC surfaces with a gas-emitting probe. Discharges exhibiting an effective energy greater than the minimum ignition energy (MIE) of the flammable atmosphere within the probe shroud will cause an ignition. The MIE of the flammable atmosphere will be 0.14mJ. The purpose of discharge incendivity testing is to assess the potential hazard posed by the use of FIBCs in flammable atmospheres.

A total of 200 discharge incendivity tests (filling trials) will be carried out on the FIBC. Because atmospheric and absorbed moisture affects the propensity of a material to produce electrostatic discharges, these tests are performed at ambient and low relative humidity conditions. For low humidity testing, samples are conditioned for at approximately 12 hours.

Electrostatic Chargeability Test – Drum/Sack

Electrostatic Chargeability Test – Emptying of Drum Depending on conditions and sample

Electrostatic Chargeability and Discharge Incendivity Test – Emptying of Sacks

Measurement of Resistance to Ground – FIBC

Surface Resistivity & Charge Relaxation Time – Drum/Sack

Volume Resistivity and Charge Relaxation Time – Drum/Sack

Flammability Testing

Aerosol Foam Test-per UN DOT Standard

Aerosol Foam Test-per UN DOT Standard

The test method is used to determine the flammability of an aerosol spray emitted in the form of a foam, mousse, gel or paste. An aerosol that emits a foam, mousse, gel or paste is sprayed on a watch glass and an ignition source is placed at the base to observe if ignition and sustained combustion of foam, mousse, gel or paste occurs.

Autogenous Ignition Temperature in a High Pressure Oxygen Enriched Atmosphere: Per ASTM G72

Autoignition Temperature - per ASTM E659

Autoignition Temperature at High Pressure

Burning Velocity – Vertical Tube

Explosion Severity / (Pmax, dP/dt - Kg) - at atmospheric pressure in reactor

Explosion Severity / (Pmax, dP/dt - Kg) - at high pressure

Flame Projection Test ASTM D3065 - Flammability of Aerosols

Flammability Diagram at atmospheric pressure - per ASTM E681

Flammability Diagram - vapors at high pressure

Flammability of Aerosol Products per ASTM D3065-Closed Drum Test

Flash and Fire Point Test – Cleveland Open Cup

Flash Ignition Temperature – per ASTM D1929

Flash Point Determination - Pensky Martens Closed Cup Apparatus

Flash Point Determination - Tag Cup ASTM D56

Flash Point Test - Setaflash Closed Cup Apparatus

Ignition Distance Test UN DOT Standard - Flammability of Aerosols

Limiting Oxygen Concentration Test

Limiting Oxygen Concentration Test-Vapor - at high pressure

Limits of Flammability - higher than 100 psig and/or greater than 250°C

Limits of Flammability - higher than 100 psig and/or greater than 250°C

Three elements are required for a fire or explosion to occur: (1) a fuel; (2) an oxidizer, typically the oxygen in air; and (3) a sufficiently energetic ignition source. These elements are often collectively referred to as the fire triangle. The first two of these elements – the fuel and oxidizer – when in the appropriate relative concentrations are referred to as a flammable atmosphere. The range of concentrations over which a fuel is flammable in a given oxidizer is known as the flammable range. The flammable range is defined by the lower flammable limit (LFL) and upper flammable limit (UFL).

DEKRA Services determines the flammable limits of combustible gases and vapors at standard pressure in accordance with American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) Method E681. This testing is performed in a five (5) liter agitated glass flask positioned in an explosion-protected laboratory oven. Since flammability limits are influenced by temperature and pressure – among other factors – DEKRA Services also has the capability to determine flammability limits at elevated pressures. Limits at elevated pressures are determined in accordance with ASTM Method E918 using 1 to 6 liter Stainless Steel reactors rated up to 10000 psi at elevated temperatures up to 350°C.

Both tests are conducted in a similar manner. The fuel and oxidizer are introduced to the test vessel. Vapor concentrations are controlled by temperature. Gas concentrations are controlled by partial pressure. For testing at standard pressure, the ignition source is provided by a 10 Joule continuous electrical arc. For testing at elevated pressures, the ignition source is provided by a fuse wire. Attempts are made to ignite the atmosphere in the test vessel. A positive ignition result is defined visually by flame propagation during the standard pressure test, and by temperature during the elevated pressure test. Trials are repeated for various concentrations until the LFL & UFL are determined.

Limits of Flammability – Up to 100 Psig / 250°C - per ASTM E918

Minimum Ignition Energy Test – Aerosol Mist Cloud

Minimum Ignition Energy Test - Vapors & Gases in 1 liter flask

Open Burning Test – Liquids

Spontaneous Ignition Temperature – per ASTM D1929

Temperature Limit of Flammability ASTM E1232

Temperature Measurement of Combustion Front

UNDOT enclosed space (Closed Drum Test) - Flammability of Aerosols (a follow-up to the above test)

Thermal Stability Testing

Aerated Solid Screening Test

Aerated Solid Screening Test

The Aerated Powder Test is used to evaluate the thermal stability of powders and dusts during drying operations in which a heated air stream passes through the material, such as in circulating band and fluidized bed dryers. DEKRA Services, Inc., performs aerated powder testing in an explosion-protected laboratory oven in accordance with the Institute of Chemical Engineers (UK) "Guide to Prevention of Fires and Explosions in Dryers" (1990).

A 150 mL sample is loaded into a sintered glass sample cell which is fitted with an air inlet adapter. The cell is inserted into the oven, where it is suspended and exposed to increasing temperatures ramped at 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) per minute for 14 hours. Heated air is passed through the sample at a rate of 0.6 liters per minute or other rate specified by the client. The temperature of the sample and oven are measured at several locations. The sample temperatures over the duration of the test are analyzed to determine any exothermic activity.

Bulk Solid Screening Test - Powder

Isothermal Bulk Powder Test

Isothermal Powder Layer Test

Isothermal Test - Basket Test

Powder Layer Screening Test

Explosivity Testing

Explosion Severity Test (Gases) – 20 Liter

DEKRA Services, Inc., performs explosion severity testing using the 20-Liter Sphere apparatus. A known concentration of the fuel is prepared in the sphere, ignited with an energetic ignition source and the pressure of the resulting explosion is measured. The sample concentration is varied to determine the optimal fuel concentration. The maximum pressure and rate of pressure rise are measured and used to determine the KG value of the material. These data can be used for the purpose of designing explosion protection measures and equipment.

Explosion severity testing is performed in accordance with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Method E 1226, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard 68 (1994), German Society of Engineers (VDI) Method 3673 (1995), and International Standards Organization (ISO) Method 6184/1.

Chemical Reaction Hazard Testing

Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (ARC)

Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (ARC)

DEKRA Services, Inc. performs ARC tests in accordance with the methods described in ASTM standards E1981 and ASTM E2086, to determine appropriate reactivity-hazard ratings for individual chemicals per NFPA 704 and registration criteria for individual chemicals and mixtures for the New Jersey Toxic Catastrophe Prevention Act (NJTCPA), where applicable.

The ARC is an automated laboratory instrument, which aids in experimentally determining the time, temperature, and pressure relationships of any exothermal reaction in a confined adiabatic environment. In operation the ARC uses an automatic heat-wait-search step scanning mode to determine the onset of exothermic reaction. When detected, the calorimeter will follow this reaction adiabatically, storing time, temperature, and pressure data. The data produced by the ARC can be applied to the evaluation of thermal and pressure hazard potentials of reactive chemicals. The ARC generates data such as heat generation rates, adiabatic self-heating parameters, temperature vs. real time plot, adiabatic reaction temperature, adiabatic reaction pressure, pressure rate data, kinetic data, reaction rate constants, and time to maximum rate. The calorimeter package consists of an insulated aluminum canister package which houses the calorimeter jacket, sample bomb assembly, and connections for thermocouples, heating elements, pressure transducer and jacket cooling air.

Samples usually 1- 10 grams are contained in pressure rated holders (bombs) of various masses and materials of construction such as titanium, tantalum, Hastelloy – C and 316 stainless steel.

Adiabatic Dewar Test

Carius Tube Test

Carius Tube - Enclosed

Desk Screening for Chemical Reaction Hazards Using CHETAH

Desk Screening for Chemical Reaction Hazards Using CHETAH

The chemical thermodynamic and energy release evaluation program (CHETAH) was developed by the ASTM E27 Committee on the hazards potential of chemicals. It is a unique tool for predicting both thermochemical properties and certain "reactive chemicals" hazards associated with a pure chemical, a mixture of chemicals, or a chemical reaction. This is accomplished through knowledge of only the molecular structure(s) of the components involved by an implementation of Benson's method of group additivity. CHETAH is useful for classifying materials for their ability to decompose with violence, for estimating heats of reaction or combustion, and for predicting lower flammable limits and certain other flammability parameters.

For thermochemical estimations, CHETAH is designed to conveniently and accurately calculate several important properties as a function of temperature for pure materials, mixtures, and reactions. For hazard evaluation, CHETAH is designed to be a CONSERVATIVE screening tool for use during the early stages of compound synthesis or process development. Its use should be integrated within an experimental program for testing reactive chemical hazards. CHETAH WAS NOT DESIGNED TO REPLACE THE PHYSICAL TESTING OF MATERIALS. Rather, CHETAH's computational results should be used to complement experimental results to help identify the need for further testing in the areas of impact sensitivity and/or flammability.

The potential hazards associated with handling new chemicals will not, in general, be known a priori. Furthermore, experimentally determined thermochemical data for new chemicals used for process design and to predict hazards will often not be available. CHETAH exists largely to allow users to build compounds using group additivity methods, to predict thermochemical properties for compounds and reactions, and to use these predicted properties for hazard evaluation. Users may then use CHETAH's predictions along with results from Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), flash point, dust explosion, drop-weight, or other tests to prepare, use, store, or dispose of new compounds safely. Personnel committed to ensuring the safe operations at sites where research, process development, or manufacturing occur should include CHETAH in their Reactive Chemicals evaluation programs.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

DEKRA Services, Inc. performs DSC tests in accordance with the method described in ASTM standard E537 to determine appropriate reactivity-hazard ratings for individual chemicals per NFPA 704 and registration criteria for individual chemicals and mixtures for the New Jersey Toxic Catastrophe Prevention Act (NJTCPA), where applicable.

DSC is a method for thermal analysis using small samples of a few milligrams (micro-thermal analysis). The apparatus consists of a temperature-controlled furnace in which two crucibles are placed, one crucible containing the sample and a second crucible the reference (empty or containing an inert substance). The difference in the temperature between the two crucibles is measured as a function of time and can be calibrated in units of heat release rate. Two different methods of measurement can be used; the scanning method where the temperature of the furnace is increased linearly over time or the isothermal mode where the furnace temperature is kept constant. Since DSC works on a micro scale using only a few milligrams of substance, it is possible to investigate highly exothermic processes under extreme conditions without any risk. The relatively small sample quantities used in DSC guarantee sufficient temperature homogeneity within the sample, and thus, even high heat outputs can be measured quantitatively. In addition, the duration of an experiment in the scanning mode is only several hours, making the DSC technique a very rapid and powerful method for screening purposes. DSC can be used for assessing severity, probability, process deviations, and the identification of self-accelerating reactions. Samples undergoing extremely rapid deflagrations/detonations can be identified in order to be excluded from further testing (i.e., screening prior to scaleup in the laboratory). High-pressure gold-plated crucibles are used to avoid any loss of material during the experiment and distortion of the result.

Emergency Vent Sizing Test – Vent Sizing Package (VSP)

Emergency Vent Sizing Test – Vent Sizing Package (VSP)

The VSP quantifies the magnitude and onset of any exothermic activity and gas generation in a chemical system under the pseudo-adiabatic conditions normally encountered during large scale manufacturing. To use the data derived to determine the enthalpy of a reaction or decomposition and find the maximum temperature rise should cooling or stirring fail during a critical stage of processing. Due to the low thermal resistance of this technique, the data can be directly applied to sizing emergency relief systems.

The low-factor test cell (typically 35 g) constructed of 304 or 316 stainless steel, Hastelloy C, or Titanium is situated in a 4 liter pressure vessel (~1900 psig rating). Test cells are two inches in diameter with a capacity of 116 cc. The test cell contains either Teflon™ coated or glass encapsulated magnetic stir bar. The apparatus measures sample temperature and pressure and external (guard) temperature and containment vessel pressure. The test cell is enclosed by two heater elements, which are in turn enclosed by thermal insulation material. The purpose of the inside (test cell) heater is to heat the test sample to a desired temperature.

During a search and subsequent runaway period, the test cell heater is turned off and the outside guard heater is regulated to keep an outer aluminum can at the same temperature (T2) as the test cell temperature (T1), thus maintaining adiabatic conditions. For closed (non-vented) test cells, the pressure in the containment vessel is controlled to balance the test cell pressure. Usually the test cell is allowed to be 20 – 40 psi greater than the containment vessel. This pressure control feature makes possible the utilization of a thin wall test cell design (typically 0.007 inches thick). For open or vented test cells, no pressure regulation is necessary since the vent provides adequate pressure equalization. Tests may be carried out under constant volume (containment volume) or constant pressure or depressurization operation modes. In most open tests, an initial backpressure, usually determined by the desired relief set pressure, is imposed on the system. The containment vessel can be equipped with an external solenoid valve to simulate relief valve operation and maintain constant backpressure.

Heat of Combustion

Isothermal Reaction Calorimetry (RC-1)

Screening Test

Theoretical Heat of Reaction Calculation

OSHA NEP Testing For Combustible Dust

Class II Test

Class II Test

National Materials Advisory Board (NMAB) 353-3-80, Classification of Combustible Dusts in Accordance with the National Electrical Code, defines dusts having Ignition Sensitivity (IS) greater than or equal to 0.2 or Explosion Severity (ES) greater than or equal to 0.5 to be explosion hazards requiring electrical equipment suitable for Class II hazardous electrical locations. Ignition Sensitivity and Explosion Severity of the sample is determined by comparing explosibility and sensitivity test data to the same parameters of Pittsburgh Coal dust.

Percent Combustible Dust Determination

Percent Combustible Material/Product Test

Percent Moisture Content Test

Percent through 40 Mesh Test

UN/DOT Test Bundles

Bundle – UN/DOT Series 1 Determination Test

Bundle – UN/DOT Series 1 Determination Test

This bundle of tests includes the following individual tests depending on if the test material is classified as a class 1 or class 2 material.

Bundle – UN/DOT Series 3 Determination Tests

Bundle – UN/DOT Series 3 and 6 Determination Tests

Bundle – UN/DOT Series 4 and 6 Determination Tests

Bundle – UN/DOT Series 5 Determination Tests

Bundle – UN/DOT Series 8 Determination Tests

Bundle – UN/DOT Series 8 Determination Tests + MBP Test

UN/DOT Transportation Testing

There is a difference between the UN and 49CFR DOT regulations for Division 4.3 materials. The UN test only measures the rate of flammable gas evolution, while the 49CFR regulation covers both flammable or toxic gas evolution. For 49CFR DOT testing, the gas evolution rate is measured and the presence of a toxic gas is determined through chemical analysis. Many toxic gases can be economically detected using Draeger tubes. Draeger tubes are not available for every gas. For gases without an available Draeger tube, or for samples where the identity of the gas produced is unknown, DEKRA would use a mass spectrometer to identify the gas.

Dangerous When Wet Test - UN Test N.5 (Division 4.3) (emits flammable gas)
Dangerous When Wet Test – 49CFR (Division 4.3) (emits toxic gas) (detection by Draeger tubes)
Dangerous When Wet Test – 49CFR (Division 4.3) (emits toxic gas) (detection by mass spectrometer)

UN/DOT Test Descriptions for testing in accordance with the test methods described in the United Nations (UN) Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Manual of Tests and Criteria 7th Edition 2019. These descriptions were last updated: 11/16/2021.

UN/DOT Test Series 1(a): Gap Test for Detonation Propagation

UN/DOT Test Series 1(a): Gap Test for Detonation Propagation

The test is used to assess the ability of a substance to propagate a detonation. The test involves filling a cold-drawn, steel tube (400 mm L x 48 mm OD x 4 mm t) with the sample material. The top of the vertical tube is covered with a mild steel witness plate. The bottom of the tube is fitted to a booster charge and detonator. Test uses no gap between the booster assembly and the tube. A positive (+) result is indicated by complete fragmentation of the tube and/or a hole punched through the witness plate. If a negative (-) result is obtained during the first trial, a second trial is performed.

Required amount of material: 1-L (typically 1 to 1.5-Kg)

UN/DOT Test Series 2(a): Gap Test for Detonation Propagation

UN/DOT Test Series 1(b): Koenen Test

UN/DOT Test Series 2(b): Koenen Test

UN/DOT Test Series 1(c)(i): Time/Pressure Test

UN/DOT Test Series 2(c)(i): Time/Pressure Test

UN/DOT Test Series 1(c)(ii): Internal Ignition Test

UN/DOT Test Series 2(c)(ii): Internal Ignition Test

UN/DOT Test Series 3(a)(i): BOE Drop Impact Sensitivity Test

UN/DOT Test Series 3(a)(ii): BAM Fallhammer Impact Sensitivity Test

UN/DOT Test Series 3(b)(i) BAM Friction Sensitivity Test

UN/DOT Test Series 3(b)(iv) ABL Friction Sensitivity Test

UN/DOT Test Series 3(c)(i): Thermal Stability Test @ 75°C

UN/DOT Test Series 3(c)(ii): SBAT Thermal Stability Test @ 75°C

UN/DOT Test Series 3(d): Small-scale Burning Test

UN/DOT Test Series 4(a): Thermal Stability Test for Packaged Articles

UN/DOT Test Series 4(b)(ii): Twelve-meter Drop Test for Packaged Articles

UN/DOT Test Series 5(a) Cap Sensitivity Test - #8 Cap Test

UN/DOT Test Series 5(b)(ii) USA DDT Test

UN/DOT Test Series 5(c): External Fire (Bonfire) Test for Division 1.5

UN/DOT Test Series 6(a): Single Package Test

UN/DOT Test Series 6(b): Stack Test

UN/DOT Test Series 6(c): External Fire (Bonfire) Test

UN/DOT Test Series 6(d): Unconfined Package Test

UN/DOT Test Series 8(a) Thermal Stability Test for ANE

UN/DOT Test Series 8(b) ANE Gap Test

UN/DOT Test Series 8(c) Koenen Test

UN/DOT Test Series 8(d)(i) Vented Pipe Test

UN/DOT Test Series 8(d)(ii) Modified Vented Pipe Test

UN/DOT Test 8(c)(ii) - Canmet CERL MBP Test – Minimum Burning Pressure Test

UN/DOT Test A.5 - UN Gap Test for Self-Reactive Substances

UN/DOT Test B.1: UN Detonation Test in Package

UN/DOT Test C.1: Time/Pressure Test

UN/DOT Test C.2: Deflagration Test

UN Test D.1 Deflagration Test in Package

UN/DOT Test E.1: Koenen Test

UN/DOT Test E.2 Dutch Pressure Vessel Test

UN/DOT Test E.3: United States Pressure Vessel Test

UN/DOT Test F.4: Modified Trauzl Test

UN/DOT Test G.1: Thermal Explosion Test

UN/DOT TEST H.1: United States Self-Accelerating Decomposition Temperature (SADT) Test

UN/DOT Test H.2: Adiabatic Storage Test – SADT

UN/DOT Test H.4: Heat Accumulation Storage Test

UN/DOT Test L.2 or ASTM D4206 - Sustained Combustibility Test

UN/DOT Test N.1: Test for Readily Combustible Solids – Division 4.1

UN/DOT Test N.2 (Division 4.2) - Pyrophoric Solids Test

UN/DOT Test N.3 (Division 4.2) - Pyrophoric Liquids Test

UN/DOT Test N.4 (Division 4.2) - Self-Heating Substances Test

UN Test N.5 (Division 4.3) or DOT - Dangerous When Wet Test - Emits flammable gas

UN/DOT Test O.1 Test for Oxidizing Solids – Division 5.1

UN/DOT Test O.2: Liquid Oxidizing Substances Test – Division 5.1

UN/DOT Test O.3 Test for Oxidizing Solids – Division 5.1

Skin Corrosivity Test (in vitro) a.k.a. Corrositex

Examination by Analogy

Other Tests

Corrosion Testing Study Using Metal Coupons – ASTM G31

Corrosion Testing Study Using Metal Coupons – ASTM G31

To measure the corrosion rate of a metal when exposed to a potential corrosive substance, corrosion immersion tests are performed in accordance with ASTM G31,Standard Practice for Laboratory Immersion Corrosion Testing of Metals. Selected test conditions such as temperature and duration should reflect those anticipated for the actual service (e.g. the highest anticipated service temperature). Following the exposure, the corrosion rates will be calculated and the coupons examined for the evidence of localized corrosion.

The assignment of a packing group of the material or mixture (after testing is completed) will be recommended according to 49 CFR Part 173.137 and UN Recommendation on the Transport of Dangerous Goods Chapter 2.8 “Corrosive Substances” 2003. The corrosion test will be conducted for seven (7) days at a test temperature of 55°C.

Many corrosive substances can react with metals, with natural or synthetic fibers and with some other substances. Therefore, it is important to store or transport corrosive substances with only compatible substances to avoid any violent or adverse reactions. Optional customized coupons may be tested if it is desired (see note below) at the same time.

Custom Qualitative Analytical Analysis of Gas, Liquid, and Solid Phases

Evaporation Rate per ASTM D1901

Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) Analysis

Gas Burette: Off-Gas Rate and Gas Volume Test

Gas Chromatography

Gravimetric Loss on Drying (LOD)

Heated Bulk Material – LOC

Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)

Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient

pH of an Aqueous Solution

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) & Energy Dispersive Analysis (EDA)

Solubility in Water at 25°C

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)

Thermogravimetric – Mass Spectroscopy (TG-MS)

Water Determination by Karl Fischer (KF)

X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)

Test Descriptions

Dust Explosion Testing

Go / No-Go - Explosibility Screening Test

Explosion Severity Test - 20-Litre Sphere Apparatus

Minimum Ignition Energy Test - Dust Cloud

Minimum Ignition Temperature Test - Dust Cloud

Minimum Ignition Temperature Test - Dust Layer

Minimum Explosible Concentration Test - 20L Sphere

Limiting Oxygen Concentration Test - 20L Sphere apparatus

Particle Sieve Analysis

Laser Particle Analysis

Explosion Severity at Reduced/Increased Oxygen

Explosion Severity (Kg) - Hybrid Mixture

Explosion Severity Test – 1m3 Vessel

Minimum Ignition Energy at elevated temperatures

Minimum Ignition Energy at reduced oxygen conc.

Minimum Ignition Energy Test - Dust Layer

Limiting Oxygen Concentration Test - Vertical Tube

Dust Testing Bundles

Bundle #1

Bundle #2

Bundle #3

Bundle #4

Bundle #5

Bundle #6

Bundle #7

Bundle #8

Bundle #9

Electrostatic Testing (Liquids)

Electrostatic Chargeability Test – Liquid

Liquid Conductivity Test

Electrostatic Testing (Powders)

Electrostatic Chargeability Test – Powder

Volume Resistivity and Charge Relaxation Time – Powder

Volume Resistivity - Powder

Electrostatic Testing (Films, Fabrics, Liners, Clothing, & Flooring Samples)

Electrostatic Accumulation and Discharge Testing

Measurement of Electrical Resistance - Shoes, Gloves, Clothing, & Flooring Sample

Propagating Brush Discharge Testing and Breakdown Voltage Measurement – Sheets, Films, Fabrics, Foils, and Coatings

Surface Resistivity and Charge Relaxation Time – Sheets, Films, Fabrics, Foils, and Coatings

Volume Resistivity and Charge Relaxation Time – Sheets, Films, Fabrics, Foils, and Coatings

Electrostatic Testing (FIBCs, Drums, Sacks)

Discharge Incendivity Testing – FIBC

Electrostatic Chargeability Test – Drum/Sack

Electrostatic Chargeability Test – Drum/Sack Depending on conditions and sample

Electrostatic Chargeability and Discharge Incendivity Test – Emptying of Sacks

Measurement of Resistance to Ground – FIBC

Surface Resistivity & Charge Relaxation Time – Drum/Sack

Volume Resistivity and Charge Relaxation Time – Drum/Sack

Flammability Testing

Aerosol Foam Test-per UN DOT Standard

Autogenous Ignition Temperature in a High Pressure Oxygen Enriched Atmosphere: Per ASTM G72

Autoignition Temperature - per ASTM E659

Autoignition Temperature at High Pressure

Burning Velocity – Vertical Tube

Explosion Severity / (Pmax, dP/dt - Kg) - at atmospheric pressure in reactor

Explosion Severity / (Pmax, dP/dt - Kg) - at high pressure

Flame Projection Test ASTM D3065 - Flammability of Aerosols

Flammability Diagram at atmospheric pressure - per ASTM E681

Flammability Diagram - vapors at high pressure

Flammability of Aerosol Products per ASTM D3065-Closed Drum Test

Flash and Fire Point Test – Cleveland Open Cup

Flash Ignition Temperature – per ASTM D1929

Flash Point Determination - Pensky Martens Closed Cup Apparatus

Flash Point Determination - Tag Cup ASTM D56

Flash Point Test - Setaflash Closed Cup Apparatus

Ignition Distance Test UN DOT Standard - Flammability of Aerosols

Limiting Oxygen Concentration Test

Limiting Oxygen Concentration Test-Vapor - at high pressure

Limits of Flammability - higher than 100 psig and/or greater than 250°C

Limits of Flammability – Up to 100 Psig / 250°C - per ASTM E918

Minimum Ignition Energy Test – Aerosol Mist Cloud

Minimum Ignition Energy Test - Vapors & Gases in 1 liter flask

Open Burning Test – Liquids

Spontaneous Ignition Temperature – per ASTM D1929

Temperature Limit of Flammability ASTM E1232

Temperature Measurement of Combustion Front

UNDOT enclosed space (Closed Drum Test) - Flammability of Aerosols (a follow-up to the above test)

Thermal Stability Testing

Aerated Solid Screening Test